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PHP dotenv
==========
Loads environment variables from `.env` to `getenv()`, `$_ENV` and
`$_SERVER` automagically.
This is a PHP version of the original [Ruby
dotenv](https://github.com/bkeepers/dotenv).
[](http://travis-ci.org/vlucas/phpdotenv)
Why .env?
---------
**You should never store sensitive credentials in your code**. Storing
[configuration in the environment](http://www.12factor.net/config) is one of
the tenets of a [twelve-factor app](http://www.12factor.net/). Anything that is
likely to change between deployment environments – such as database credentials
or credentials for 3rd party services – should be extracted from the
code into environment variables.
Basically, a `.env` file is an easy way to load custom configuration
variables that your application needs without having to modify .htaccess
files or Apache/nginx virtual hosts. This means you won't have to edit
any files outside the project, and all the environment variables are
always set no matter how you run your project - Apache, Nginx, CLI, and
even PHP 5.4's built-in webserver. It's WAY easier than all the other
ways you know of to set environment variables, and you're going to love
it.
* NO editing virtual hosts in Apache or Nginx
* NO adding `php_value` flags to .htaccess files
* EASY portability and sharing of required ENV values
* COMPATIBLE with PHP's built-in web server and CLI runner
Installation with Composer
--------------------------
```shell
curl -s http://getcomposer.org/installer | php
php composer.phar require vlucas/phpdotenv
```
Usage
-----
The `.env` file is generally kept out of version control since it can contain
sensitive API keys and passwords. A separate `.env.example` file is created
with all the required environment variables defined except for the sensitive
ones, which are either user-supplied for their own development environments or
are communicated elsewhere to project collaborators. The project collaborators
then independently copy the `.env.example` file to a local `.env` and ensure
all the settings are correct for their local environment, filling in the secret
keys or providing their own values when necessary. In this usage, the `.env`
file should be added to the project's `.gitignore` file so that it will never
be committed by collaborators. This usage ensures that no sensitive passwords
or API keys will ever be in the version control history so there is less risk
of a security breach, and production values will never have to be shared with
all project collaborators.
Add your application configuration to a `.env` file in the root of your
project. **Make sure the `.env` file is added to your `.gitignore` so it is not
checked-in the code**
```shell
S3_BUCKET=dotenv
SECRET_KEY=souper_seekret_key
```
Now create a file named `.env.example` and check this into the project. This
should have the ENV variables you need to have set, but the values should
either be blank or filled with dummy data. The idea is to let people know what
variables are required, but not give them the sensitive production values.
```shell
S3_BUCKET=devbucket
SECRET_KEY=abc123
```
You can then load `.env` in your application with a single line:
```php
Dotenv::load(__DIR__);
```
All of the defined variables are now accessible with the `getenv`
method, and are available in the `$_ENV` and `$_SERVER` super-globals.
```php
$s3_bucket = getenv('S3_BUCKET');
$s3_bucket = $_ENV['S3_BUCKET'];
$s3_bucket = $_SERVER['S3_BUCKET'];
```
You should also be able to access them using your framework's Request
class (if you are using a framework).
```php
$s3_bucket = $request->env('S3_BUCKET');
$s3_bucket = $request->getEnv('S3_BUCKET');
$s3_bucket = $request->server->get('S3_BUCKET');
```
### Nesting Variables
It's possible to nest an environment variable within another, useful to cut down on repetition.
This is done by wrapping an existing environment variable in `{$…}` e.g.
```shell
BASE_DIR=/var/webroot/project-root
CACHE_DIR={$BASE_DIR}/cache
TMP_DIR={$BASE_DIR}/tmp
```
### Immutability
By default, Dotenv treats environment variables as immutable, that is… once set they cannot be changed.
You can make Dotenv mutable using
```php
Dotenv::makeMutable();
```
… and you can make Dotenv immutable again using
```php
Dotenv::makeImmutable();
```
Requiring Variables to be Set
-----------------------------
Using Dotenv, you can require specific ENV vars to be defined, and throw
an Exception if they are not. This is particularly useful to let people know
any explicit required variables that your app will not work without.
You can use a single string:
```php
Dotenv::required('DATABASE_DSN');
```
Or an array of strings:
```php
Dotenv::required(array('DB_HOST', 'DB_NAME', 'DB_USER', 'DB_PASS'));
```
If any ENV vars are missing, Dotenv will throw a `RuntimeException` like this:
```
Required environment variable missing or value not allowed: 'DB_USER', 'DB_PASS'
```
### Allowed values
As you may have noticed from the Exception message above, it's also possible to define a set of values that your
environment variable should adhere to.
```php
Dotenv::required('SESSION_STORE', array('Filesystem', 'Memcached'));
```
Again, if the environment variable wasn't in this list, you'd get a similar Exception:
```
Required environment variable missing or value not allowed: 'SESSION_STORE'
```
### Comments
You can comment your `.env` file using the `#` character. E.g.
```shell
# this is a comment
VAR="value" # comment
VAR=value # comment
```
Usage Notes
-----------
When a new developer clones your codebase, they will have an additional
**one-time step** to manually copy the `.env.example` file to `.env` and fill-in
their own values (or get any sensitive values from a project co-worker).
phpdotenv is made for development environments, and generally should not be
used in production. In production, the actual environment variables should be
set so that there is no overhead of loading the `.env` file on each request.
This can be achieved via an automated deployment process with tools like
Vagrant, chef, or Puppet, or can be set manually with cloud hosts like
Pagodabox and Heroku.
Contributing
------------
1. Fork it
2. Create your feature branch (`git checkout -b my-new-feature`)
3. Make your changes
4. Run the tests, adding new ones for your own code if necessary (`phpunit`)
5. Commit your changes (`git commit -am 'Added some feature'`)
6. Push to the branch (`git push origin my-new-feature`)
7. Create new Pull Request